International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code

[under the auspices of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea [SOLAS] of 1 November 1974]

(London, 4 June 1996)

Entry into force for Australia and generally: 1 July 1998

AUSTRALIAN TREATY SERIES

1998 No. 31

ADOPTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCE (LSA) CODE

THE MARITIME SAFETY COMMITTEE,
RECALLING Article 28(b) of the Convention on the International Maritime Organization concerning the functions of the Committee,
RECOGNIZING the need to provide international standards for life-saving appliances required by Chapter III of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, as amended,
NOTING Resolution MSC.47(66) by which it adopted, inter alia, amendments to Chapter III of the SOLAS Convention to make the provisions of the International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code mandatory under that Convention on or after 1 July 1998,
HAVING CONSIDERED, at its sixty-sixth session, the text of the proposed LSA Code,
1. ADOPTS the International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code the text of which is set out in the Annex to the present Resolution;
2. NOTES that under the amendments to Chapter III of the 1974 SOLAS Convention. amendments to the LSA Code shall be adopted, brought into force and shall take effect in accordance with the provisions of Article VIII of that Convention concerning the amendments procedure applicable to the Annex to the Convention other than Chapter I;
3. REQUESTS the Secretary-General to transmit certified copies of the present Resolution and the text of the LSA Code contained in the Annex to all Contracting Governments to the Convention;
4. FURTHER REQUESTS the Secretary-General to transmit copies of this Resolution and its Annex to Members of the Organization, which are not Contracting Governments to the Convention.

THE INTERNATIONAL LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCE CODE

PREAMBLE

1 The purpose of this Code is to provide international standards for life-saving appliances required by Chapter III of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974.
2 On and after 1 July 1998, the requirements of this Code will be mandatory under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, as amended. Any future amendment to the Code will be adopted and brought into force in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article VIII of that Convention.

CHAPTER I - GENERAL

1.1 Definitions
1.1.1 Convention means the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended.
1.1.2 Effective clearing of the ship is the ability of the free-fall lifeboat to move away from the ship after free-fall launching without using its engine.
1.1.3 Free-fall acceleration is the rate of change of velocity experienced by the occupants during launching of a free-fall lifeboat.
1.1.4 Free-fall certification height is the greatest launching height for which the lifeboat is to be approved, measured from the still water surface to the lowest point on the lifeboat when the lifeboat is in the launch configuration.
1.1.5 Launching ramp angle is the angle between the horizontal and the launch rail of the lifeboat in its launching position with the ship on even keel.
1.1.6 Launching ramp length is the distance between the stem of the lifeboat and the lower end of the launching ramp.
1.1.7 Regulation means a regulation contained in the Annex to the Convention.
1.1.8 Required free-fall height is the greatest distance measured from the still water surface to the lowest point on the lifeboat when the lifeboat is in the launch configuration and the ship is in its lightest seagoing condition.
1.1.9 Retro-reflective material is a material which reflects in the opposite direction a beam of light directed on it.
1.1.10 Water-entry angle is the angle between the horizontal and the launch rail of the lifeboat when it first enters the water.
1.1.11 The terms used in this Code have the same meaning as those defined in Regulation III/3.
1.2 General requirements for life-saving appliances
1.2.1 Paragraph 1.2.2.7 applies to life-saving appliances on all ships.
1.2.2 Unless expressly provided otherwise or unless, in the opinion of the Administration having regard to the particular voyages on which the ship is constantly engaged, other requirements are appropriate, all life-saving appliances prescribed in this part shall:
.1 be constructed with proper workmanship and materials;
.2 not be damaged in stowage throughout the air temperature range -30°C to +65°C;
.3 if they are likely to be immersed in seawater during their use, operate throughout the seawater temperature range -1°C to +30°C;
.4 where applicable, be rot-proof, corrosion-resistant, and not be unduly affected by seawater, oil or fungal attack;
.5 where exposed to sunlight, be resistant to deterioration;
.6 be of a highly visible colour on all parts where this will assist detection;
.7 be fitted with retro-reflective material where it will assist in detection and in accordance with the recommendations of the Organization;
.8 if they are to be used in a seaway, be capable of satisfactory operation in that environment;
.9 be clearly marked with approval information including the Administration which approved it, and any operational restrictions; and
.10 where applicable, be provided with electrical short circuit protection to prevent damage or injury.
1.2.3 The Administration shall determine the period of acceptability of life-saving appliances which are subject to deterioration with age. Such life-saving appliances shall be marked with a means for determining their age or the date by which they must be replaced. Permanent marking with a date of expiry is the preferred method of establishing the period of acceptability. Batteries not marked with an expiration date may be used if they are replaced annually, or in the case of a secondary battery (accumulator), if the condition of the electrolyte can be readily checked.

CHAPTER II - PERSONAL LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES

2.1 Lifebuoys
2.1.1 Lifebuoy specification
Every lifebuoy shall:
.1 have an outer diameter of not more than 800 mm and an inner diameter of not less than 400 mm;
.2   be constructed of inherently buoyant material; it shall not depend upon rushes, cork shavings or granulated cork, any other loose granulated material or any air compartment which depends on inflation for buoyancy;
.3   be capable of supporting not less than 14.5 kg of iron in fresh water for a period of 24 h;
.4   have a mass of not less than 2.5 kg;
.5   not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally enveloped in a fire for a period of 2 s;
.6   be constructed to withstand a drop into the water from the height at which it is stowed above the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or 30 m, whichever is the greater, without impairing either its operating capability or that of its attached components;
.7   if it is intended to operate the quick release arrangement provided for the self-activated smoke signals and self-igniting lights, have a mass sufficient to operate the quick release arrangement; and
.8 be fitted with a grabline not less than 9.5 mm in diameter and not less than 4 times the outside diameter of the body of the buoy in length. The grabline shall be secured at four equidistant points around the circumference of the buoy to form four equal loops.
2.1.2 Lifebuoy self-igniting lights
Self-igniting lights required by Regulation III/7.1.3 shall:
.1 be such that they cannot be extinguished by water;
.2 be of white colour and capable of either burning continuously with a luminous intensity of not less than 2 cd in all directions of the upper hemisphere or flashing (discharge flashing) at a rate of not less than 50 flashes and not more than 70 flashes per minute with at least the corresponding effective luminous intensity;
.3 be provided with a source of energy capable of meeting the requirement of paragraph 2.1.2.2 for a period of at least 2 h; and
.4 be capable of withstanding the drop test required by paragraph 2.1.1.6.
2.1.3 Lifebuoy self-activating smoke signals
Self-activating smoke signals required by Regulation III/7.1.3 shall:
.1 emit smoke of a highly visible colour at a uniform rate for a period of at least 15 min when floating in calm water;
.2 not ignite explosively or emit any flame during the entire smoke emission time of the signal;
.3 not be swamped in a seaway;
.4 continue to emit smoke when fully submerged in water for a period of at least 10 s; and
.5 be capable of withstanding the drop test required by paragraph 2.1.1.6.
2.1.4 Buoyant lifelines
Buoyant lifelines required by Regulation III/7.1.2 shall:
.1 be non-kinking;
.2 have a diameter of not less than 8 mm; and
.3 have a breaking strength of not less than 5 kN.

2.2 Lifejackets
2.2.1 General requirements for lifejackets
2.2.1.1 A lifejacket shall not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally enveloped in a fire for a period of 2 s.
2.2.1.2 An adult lifejacket shall be so constructed that:
.1 at least 75% of persons, who are completely unfamiliar with the lifejacket, can correctly don it within a period of 1 min without assistance, guidance or prior demonstration;
.2 after demonstration, all persons can correctly don it within a period of 1 min without assistance;
.3 it is clearly capable of being worn in only one way or, as far as is practicable, cannot be donned incorrectly;
.4 it is comfortable to wear; and
.5 it allows the wearer to jump from a height of at least 4.5 m into the water without injury and without dislodging or damaging the lifejacket.
2.2.1.3 An adult lifejacket shall have sufficient buoyancy and stability in calm fresh water to:
.1 lift the mouth of an exhausted or unconscious person not less than 120 mm clear of the water with the body inclined backwards at an angle of not less than 20° from the vertical position; and
.2 turn the body of an unconscious person in the water from any position to one where the mouth is clear of the water in not more than 5 s.
2.2.1.4 An adult lifejacket shall allow the person wearing it to swim a short distance and to board a survival craft.
2.2.1.5 A child lifejacket shall be constructed and perform the same as an adult lifejacket except as follows:
.1 donning assistance is permitted for small children;
.2 it shall only be required to lift the mouth of an exhausted or unconscious wearer clear of the water a distance appropriate to the size of the intended wearer; and
.3 assistance may be given to board a survival craft, but wearer mobility shall not be significantly reduced.
2.2.1.6 In addition to the markings required by paragraph 1.2.2.9, a child lifejacket shall be marked with:
.1 the height or weight range for which the lifejacket will meet the testing and evaluation criteria recommended by the Organization; and
.2 a "child" symbol as shown in the "child's lifejacket" symbol adopted by the Organization.
2.2.1.7 A lifejacket shall have buoyancy which is not reduced by more than 5% after 24 h submersion in fresh water.
2.2.1.8 Each lifejacket shall be fitted with a whistle firmly secured by a cord.
2.2.2 Inflatable lifejackets
A lifejacket which depends on inflation for buoyancy shall have not less than two separate compartments and comply with the requirements of paragraph 2.2.1 and shall:
.1 inflate automatically on immersion, be provided with a device to permit inflation by a single manual motion and be capable of being inflated by mouth;
.2 in the event of loss of buoyancy in any one compartment be capable of complying with the requirements of paragraphs 2.2.1.2, 2.2.1.3 and 2.2.1.4; and
.3 comply with the requirements of paragraph 2.2.1.7 after inflation by means of the automatic mechanism.
2.2.3 Lifejacket lights
2.2.3.1 Each lifejacket light shall:
.1 have a luminous intensity of not less than 0.75 cd in all directions of the upper hemisphere;
.2 have a source of energy capable of providing a luminous intensity of 0.75 cd for a period of at least 8 h;
.3 be visible over as great a segment of the upper hemisphere as is practicable when attached to a lifejacket; and
.4 be of white colour.
2.2.3.2 If the light referred to in paragraph 2.2.3.1 is a flashing light, it shall, in addition:
.1 be provided with a manually operated switch; and
.2 flash at a rate of not less than 50 flashes and not more than 70 flashes per minute with an effective luminous intensity of at least 0.75 cd.
2.3 Immersion suits
2.3.1 General requirements for immersion suits
2.3.1.1 The immersion suit shall be constructed with waterproof materials such that:
.1 it can be unpacked and donned without assistance within 2 min, taking into account any associated clothing, and a lifejacket if the immersion suit is to be worn in conjunction with a lifejacket;
.2 it will not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally enveloped in a fire for a period of 2 s;
.3 it will cover the whole body with the exception of the face. Hands shall also be covered unless permanently attached gloves are provided;
.4 it is provided with arrangements to minimize or reduce free air in the legs of the suit; and
.5 following a jump from a height of not less than 4.5 m into the water there is no undue ingress of water into the suit.
2.3.1.2 An immersion suit which also complies with the requirements of section 2.2 may be classified as a lifejacket.
2.3.1.3 An immersion suit shall permit the person wearing it, and also wearing a lifejacket if the immersion suit is to be worn in conjunction with a lifejacket, to:
.1 climb up and down a vertical ladder at least 5 m in length;
.2 perform normal duties associated with abandonment;
.3 jump from a height of not less than 4.5 m into the water without damaging or dislodging the immersion suit, or being injured; and
.4 swim a short distance through the water and board a survival craft.
2.3.1.4 An immersion suit which has buoyancy and is designed to be worn without a lifejacket shall be fitted with a light complying with the requirements of paragraph 2.2.3 and the whistle prescribed by paragraph 2.2.1.8.
2.3.1.5 If the immersion suit is to be worn in conjunction with a lifejacket, the lifejacket shall be worn over the immersion suit. A person wearing such an immersion suit shall be able to don a lifejacket without assistance.
2.3.2 Thermal performance requirements for immersion suits
2.3.2.1 An immersion suit made of material which has no inherent insulation shall be:
.1 marked with instructions that it must be worn in conjunction with warm clothing; and
.2 so constructed that, when worn in conjunction with warm clothing, and with a lifejacket if the immersion suit is to be worn with a lifejacket, the immersion suit continues to provide sufficient thermal protection, following one jump by the wearer into the water from a height of 4.5 m, to ensure that when it is worn for a period of 1h in calm circulating water at a temperature of 5°C, the wearer's body core temperature does not fall more than 2°C.
2.3.2.2 An immersion suit made of material with inherent insulation, when worn either on its own or with a lifejacket, if the immersion suit is to be worn in conjunction with a lifejacket, shall provide the wearer with sufficient thermal insulation, following one jump into the water from a height of 4.5 m, to ensure that the wearer's body core temperature does not fall more than 2°C after a period of 6 h immersion in calm circulating water at a temperature of between 0°C and 2°C.
2.3.3 Buoyancy requirements
A person in fresh water wearing either an immersion suit or an immersion suit with a lifejacket, shall be able to turn from a face-down to a face-up position in not more than   5 s.
2.4 Anti-exposure suits
2.4.1 General requirements for anti-exposure suits
2.4.1.1 The anti-exposure suit shall be constructed with waterproof materials such that it:
.1 provides inherent buoyancy of at least 70 N;
.2 is made of material which reduces the risk of heat stress during rescue and evacuation operations;
.3 covers the whole body with the exception of the head and hands and, where the Administration so permits, feet; gloves and a hood shall be provided in such a manner as to remain available for use with the anti-exposure suits;
.4 can be unpacked and donned without assistance within 2 min;
.5 does not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally enveloped in a fire for a period of 2 s;
.6 is equipped with a pocket for a portable VHF telephone; and
.7 has a lateral field of vision of at least 120°C.
2.4.1.2 An anti-exposure suit which also complies with the requirements of section 2.2 may be classified as a lifejacket.
2.4.1.3 An anti-exposure suit shall permit the person wearing it, to:
.1 climb up and down a vertical ladder of at least 5 m in length;
.2 jump from a height of not less than 4.5 m into the water with feet first, without damaging or dislodging the suit, or being injured;
.3 swim through the water at least 25 m and board a survival craft;
.4 don a lifejacket without assistance; and
.5 perform all duties associated with abandonment, assist others and operate a rescue boat.
2.4.1.4 An anti-exposure suit shall be fitted with a light complying with the requirements of paragraph 2.2.3 and the whistle prescribed by paragraph 2.2.1.8.
2.4.2 Thermal performance requirements for anti-exposure suits
2.4.2.1 An anti-exposure suit shall:
.1 if made of material which has no inherent insulation, be marked with instructions that it must be worn in conjunction with warm clothing; and
.2 be so constructed, that when worn as marked, the suit continues to provide sufficient thermal protection following one jump into the water which totally submerges the wearer and shall ensure that when it is worn in calm circulating water at a temperature of 5°C, the wearer's body core temperature does not fall at a rate of more than 1.5°C per hour, after the first 0.5 h.
2.4.3 Stability requirements
A person in fresh water wearing an anti-exposure suit complying with the requirements of this section shall be able to turn from a face-down to a face-up position in not more than 5 s and shall be stable face-up. The suit shall have no tendency to turn the wearer face-down in moderate sea condition.
2.5 Thermal protective aids
2.5.1 A thermal protective aid shall be made of waterproof material having a thermal conductance of not more than 7,800 W/(m²K) and shall be so constructed that, when used to enclose a person, it shall reduce both the convective and evaporative heat loss from the wearer's body.
2.5.2 The thermal protective aid shall:
.1   cover the whole body of persons of all sizes wearing a lifejacket with the exception of the face. Hands shall also be covered unless permanently attached gloves are provided;
.2   be capable of being unpacked and easily donned without assistance in a survival craft or rescue boat; and
.3   permit the wearer to remove it in the water in not more than 2 min, if it impairs ability to swim.
2.5.3 The thermal protective aid shall function properly throughout an air temperature range -30°C to +20°C.

CHAPTER III - VISUAL SIGNALS

3.1 Rocket parachute flares
3.1.1 The rocket parachute flare shall:
.1   be contained in a water-resistant casing;
.2   have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the rocket parachute flare printed on its casing;
.3 have integral means of ignition; and
.4   be so designed as not to cause discomfort to the person holding the casing when used in accordance with the manufacturer's operating instructions.
3.1.2 The rocket shall, when fired vertically, reach an altitude of not less than 300 m. At or near the top of its trajectory, the rocket shall eject a parachute flare, which shall:
.1   burn with a bright red colour;
.2   burn uniformly with an average luminous intensity of not less than 30,000 cd;
.3   have a burning period of not less than 40 s;
.4   have a rate of descent of not more than 5 m/s; and
.5   not damage its parachute or attachments while burning.
3.2 Hand flares
3.2.1 The hand flare shall:
.1   be contained in a water-resistant casing;
.2   have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the hand flare printed on its casing;
.3   have a self-contained means of ignition; and
.4 be so designed as not to cause discomfort to the person holding the casing and not endanger the survival craft by burning or glowing residues when used in accordance with the manufacturer's operating instructions.
3.2.2 The hand flare shall:
.1 burn with a bright red colour;
.2 burn uniformly with an average luminous intensity of not less than 15,000 cd;
.3 have a burning period of not less than 1 min; and
.4 continue to burn after having been immersed for a period of 10 s under 100 mm of water.
3.3 Buoyant smoke signals
3.3.1 The buoyant smoke signal shall:
.1 be contained in a water-resistant casing;
.2 not ignite explosively when used in accordance with the manufacturer's operating instructions; and
.3 have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the buoyant smoke signal printed on its casing.
3.3.2 The buoyant smoke signal shall:
.1 emit smoke of a highly visible colour at a uniform rate for a period of not less than 3 min when floating in calm water;
.2 not emit any flame during the entire smoke emission time;
.3 not be swamped in a seaway; and
.4 continue to emit smoke when submerged in water for a period of 10 s under 100 mm of water.

CHAPTER IV - SURVIVAL CRAFT

4.1 General requirements for liferafts
4.1.1 Construction of liferafts
4.1.1.1 Every liferaft shall be so constructed as to be capable of withstanding exposure for 30 days afloat in all sea conditions.
4.1.1.2 The liferaft shall be so constructed that when it is dropped into the water from a height of 18 m, the liferaft and its equipment will operate satisfactorily. If the liferaft is to be stowed at a height of more than 18 m above the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition, it shall be of a type which has been satisfactorily drop-tested from at least that height.
4.1.1.3 The floating liferaft shall be capable of withstanding repeated jumps on to it from a height of at least 4.5 m above its floor both with and without the canopy erected.
4.1.1.4 The liferaft and its fittings shall be so constructed as to enable it to be towed at a speed of 3 knots in calm water when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment and with one of its sea-anchors streamed.
4.1.1.5 The liferaft shall have a canopy to protect the occupants from exposure which is automatically set in place when the liferaft is launched and waterborne. The canopy shall comply with the following:
.1 it shall provide insulation against heat and cold by means of either two layers of material separated by an air gap or other equally efficient means. Means shall be provided to prevent accumulation of water in the air gap;
.2 its interior shall be of a colour that does not cause discomfort to the occupants;
.3 each entrance shall be clearly indicated and be provided with efficient adjustable closing arrangements which can be easily and quickly opened by persons clothed in immersion suits from inside and outside, and closed from inside, the liferaft so as to permit ventilation but exclude seawater, wind and cold. Liferafts accommodating more than eight persons shall have at least two diametrically opposite entrances;
.4 it shall admit sufficient air for the occupants at all times, even with the entrances closed;
.5 it shall be provided with at least one viewing port;
.6 it shall be provided with means for collecting rain water;
.7 it shall be provided with means to mount a survival craft radar transponder at a height of at least 1 m above the sea; and
.8 it shall have sufficient headroom for sitting occupants under all parts of the canopy.
4.1.2 Minimum carrying capacity and mass of liferafts
4.1.2.1 No liferaft shall be approved which has a carrying capacity of less than six persons calculated in accordance with the requirements of paragraph 4.2.3 or 4.3.3, as appropriate.
4.1.2.2 Unless the liferaft is to be launched by an approved launching appliance complying with the requirements of section 6.1 or is not required to be stowed in a position providing for easy side-to-side transfer, the total mass of the liferaft, its container and its equipment shall not be more than 185 kg.
4.1.3 Liferaft fittings
4.1.3.1 Lifelines shall be securely becketed around the inside and outside of the liferaft.
4.1.3.2 The liferaft shall be fitted with an efficient painter of length equal to not less than 10 m plus the distance from the stowed position to the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or 15 m whichever is the greater. The breaking strength of the painter system, including its means of attachment to the liferaft, except the weak link required by paragraph 4.1.6, shall be not less than 15 kN for liferafts permitted to accommodate more than 25 persons, not less than 10 kN for liferafts permitted to accommodate 9 to 25 persons and not less than 7.5 kN for any other liferaft.
4.1.3.3 A manually controlled lamp shall be fitted to the top of the liferaft canopy. The light shall be white and be capable of operating continuously for at least 12 h with a luminous intensity of not less than 4.3 cd in all directions of the upper hemisphere. However, if the light is a flashing light it shall flash at a rate of not less than 50 flashes and not more than 70 flashes per minute for the 12 h operating period with an equivalent effective luminous intensity. The lamp shall light automatically when the canopy is erected. Batteries shall be of a type that does not deteriorate due to dampness or humidity in the stowed liferaft.
4.1.3.4 A manually controlled lamp shall be fitted inside the liferaft capable of continuous operation for a period of at least 12 h. It shall light automatically when the canopy is erected and be of sufficient intensity to permit reading of survival and equipment instructions. Batteries shall be of a type that does not deteriorate due to damp or humidity in the stowed liferaft.
4.1.4 Davit-launched liferafts
4.1.4.1 In addition to the above requirements, a liferaft for use with an approved launching appliance shall:
.1 when the liferaft is loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment, be capable of withstanding a lateral impact against the ship's side at an impact velocity of not less than 3.5 m/s and also a drop into the water from a height of not less than 3 m without damage that will affect its function; and
.2 be provided with means for bringing the liferaft alongside the embarkation deck and holding it securely during embarkation.
4.1.4.2 Every passenger ship davit-launched liferaft shall be so arranged that it can be rapidly boarded by its full complement of persons.
4.1.4.3 Every cargo ship davit-launched liferaft shall be so arranged that it can be boarded by its full complement of persons in not more than 3 min from the time the instruction to board is given.
4.1.5 Equipment
4.1.5.1 The normal equipment of every liferaft shall consist of:
.1 one buoyant rescue quoit, attached to not less than 30 m of buoyant line;
.2 one knife of the non-folding type having a buoyant handle and lanyard attached and stowed in a pocket on the exterior of the canopy near the point at which the painter is attached to the liferaft. In addition, a liferaft which is permitted to accommodate 13 persons or more shall be provided with a second knife which need not be of the non-folding type;
.3 for a liferaft which is permitted to accommodate not more than 12 persons, one buoyant bailer. For a liferaft which is permitted to accommodate 13 persons or more, two buoyant bailers;
.4 two sponges;
.5 two sea-anchors each with a shock resistant hawser and tripping line if fitted, one being spare and the other permanently attached to the liferaft in such a way that when the liferaft inflates or is waterborne it will cause the liferaft to lie oriented to the wind in the most stable manner. The strength of each sea-anchor and its hawser and tripping line if fitted shall be adequate in all sea conditions. The sea-anchors shall have means to prevent twisting of the line and shall be of a type which is unlikely to turn inside out between its shroud lines. The sea-anchor permanently attached to davit-launched liferafts and liferafts fitted on passenger ships shall be arranged for manual deployment only. All other liferafts are to have the sea-anchor deployed automatically when the liferaft inflates;
.6 two buoyant paddles;
.7 three tin-openers and a pair of scissors. Safety knives containing special tin-opener blades are satisfactory for this requirement;
.8 one first-aid outfit in a waterproof case capable of being closed tightly after use;
.9 one whistle or equivalent sound signal;
.10 four rocket parachute flares complying with the requirements of section 3.1;
.11 six hand flares complying with the requirements of section 3.2;
.12 two buoyant smoke signals complying with the requirements of section 3.3;
.13 one waterproof electric torch suitable for Morse signalling together with one spare set of batteries and one spare bulb in a waterproof container;
.14 an efficient radar reflector, unless a survival craft radar transponder is stowed in the liferaft;
.15 one daylight signalling mirror with instructions on its use for signalling to ships and aircraft;
.16 one copy of the life-saving signals referred to in Regulation V/16 on a waterproof card or in a waterproof container;
.17 one set of fishing tackle;
.18   a food ration totalling not less than 10,000 kJ for each person the liferaft is permitted to accommodate. These rations should be palatable, edible throughout the recommended shelf life, and packed in a manner which can be readily divided and easily opened. The rations shall be kept in airtight packaging and be stowed in a watertight container;
.19   watertight receptacles containing a total of 1.5 l of fresh water for each person the liferaft is permitted to accommodate, of which either 0.5 l per person may be replaced by a de-salting apparatus capable of producing an equal amount of fresh water in 2 days or 1 l per person may be replaced by a manually powered reverse osmosis desalinator, as described in paragraph 4.4.7.5, capable of producing an equal amount of fresh water in 2 days;
.20 one rustproof graduated drinking vessel;
.21 anti-seasickness medicine sufficient for at least 48 h and one seasickness bag for each person the liferaft is permitted to accommodate;
.22 instructions on how to survive;
.23 instructions for immediate action; and
.24   thermal protective aids complying with the requirements of section 2.5 sufficient for 10% of the number of persons the liferaft is permitted to accommodate or two, whichever is the greater.
4.1.5.2 The marking required by paragraphs 4.2.6.3.5 and 4.3.6.7 on liferafts equipped in accordance with paragraph 4.1.5.1 shall be "SOLAS A PACK" in block capitals of the Roman alphabet.
4.1.5.3   In the case of passenger ships engaged on short international voyages of such a nature and duration that, in the opinion of the Administration, not all the items specified in paragraph 4.1.5.1 are necessary, the Administration may allow the liferafts carried on any such ships to be provided with the equipment specified in paragraphs 4.1.5.1.1 to 4.1.5.1.6 inclusive, 4.1.5.1.8, 4.1.5.1.9, 4.1.5.1.13 to 4.1.5.1.16 inclusive and 4.1.5.1.21 to 4.1.5.1.24 inclusive and one half of the equipment specified in paragraphs 4.1.5.1.10 to 4.1.5.1.12 inclusive. The marking required by paragraphs 4.2.6.3.5 and 4.3.6.7 on such liferafts shall be "SOLAS B PACK" in block capitals of the Roman alphabet.
4.1.5.4 Where appropriate the equipment shall be stowed in a container which, if it is not an integral part of, or permanently attached to, the liferaft, shall be stowed and secured inside the liferaft and be capable of floating in water for at least 30 min without damage to its contents.
4.1.6 Float-free arrangements for liferafts
4.1.6.1 Painter system
The liferaft painter system shall provide a connection between the ship and the liferaft and shall be so arranged as to ensure that the liferaft when released and, in the case of an inflatable liferaft, inflated is not dragged under by the sinking ship.
4.1.6.2 Weak link
If a weak link is used in the float-free arrangement, it shall:
.1 not be broken by the force required to pull the painter from the liferaft container;
.2 if applicable, be of sufficient strength to permit the inflation of the liferaft; and
.3 break under a strain of 2.2 ±0.4 kN.
4.1.6.3 Hydrostatic release units
If a hydrostatic release unit is used in the float-free arrangements, it shall:
.1 be constructed of compatible materials so as to prevent malfunction of the unit. Galvanizing or other forms of metallic coating on parts of the hydrostatic release unit shall not be accepted;
.2 automatically release the liferaft at a depth of not more than 4 m;
.3 have drains to prevent the accumulation of water in the hydrostatic chamber when the unit is in its normal position;
.4 be so constructed as to prevent release when seas wash over the unit;
.5 be permanently marked on its exterior with its type and serial number;
.6 be permanently marked on the unit or identification plate securely attached to the unit, with the date of manufacture, type and serial number and whether the unit is suitable for use with a liferaft with a capacity of more than 25 persons;
.7 be such that each part connected to the painter system has a strength of not less than that required for the painter; and
.8 if disposable, in lieu of the requirement in paragraph 4.1.6.3.6 be marked with a means of determining its date of expiry.
4.2 Inflatable liferafts
4.2.1 Inflatable liferafts shall comply with the requirements of section 4.1 and, in addition, shall comply with the requirements of this section.
4.2.2 Construction of inflatable liferafts
4.2.2.1 The main buoyancy chamber shall be divided into not less than two separate compartments, each inflated through a non-return inflation valve on each compartment. The buoyancy chambers shall be so arranged that, in the event of any one of the compartments being damaged or failing to inflate, the intact compartments shall be able to support, with positive freeboard over the liferaft's entire periphery, the number of persons which the liferaft is permitted to accommodate, each having a mass of 75 kg and seated in their normal positions.
4.2.2.2 The floor of the liferaft shall be waterproof and shall be capable of being sufficiently insulated against cold either:
.1 by means of one or more compartments that the occupants can inflate, or which inflate automatically and can be deflated and reinflated by the occupants; or
.2 by other equally efficient means not dependent on inflation.
4.2.2.3 The liferaft shall be capable of being inflated by one person. The liferaft shall be inflated with a non-toxic gas. Inflation shall be completed within a period of 1 min at an ambient temperature of between 18°C and 20°C and within a period of 3 min at an ambient temperature of -30°C. After inflation the liferaft shall maintain its form when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment.
4.2.2.4 Each inflatable compartment shall be capable of withstanding a pressure equal to at least 3 times the working pressure and shall be prevented from reaching a pressure exceeding twice the working pressure either by means of relief valves or by a limited gas supply. Means shall be provided for fitting the topping-up pump or bellows required by paragraph 4.2.9.1.2 so that the working pressure can be maintained.

4.2.3 Carrying capacity of inflatable liferafts
The number of persons which a liferaft shall be permitted to accommodate shall be equal to the lesser of:
.1 the greatest whole number obtained by dividing by 0.096 the volume, measured in cubic metres of the main buoyancy tubes (which for this purpose shall include neither the arches nor the thwarts, if fitted) when inflated; or
.2 the greatest whole number obtained by dividing by 0.372 the inner horizontal cross-sectional area of the liferaft measured in square metres (which for this purpose may include the thwart or thwarts, if fitted) measured to the innermost edge of the buoyancy tubes; or
.3 the number of persons having an average mass of 75 kg, all wearing either immersion suits and lifejackets or, in the case of davit-launched liferafts, lifejackets, that can be seated with sufficient comfort and headroom without interfering with the operation of any of the liferaft's equipment.
4.2.4 Access into inflatable liferafts
4.2.4.1 At least one entrance shall be fitted with a semi-rigid boarding ramp, capable of supporting a person weighing 100 kg, to enable persons to board the liferaft from the sea. The boarding ramp shall be so arranged as to prevent significant deflation of the liferaft if the ramp is damaged. In the case of a davit-launched liferaft having more than one entrance, the boarding ramp shall be fitted at the entrance opposite the bowsing lines and embarkation facilities.
4.2.4.2 Entrances not provided with a boarding ramp shall have a boarding ladder, the lowest step of which shall be situated not less than 0.4 m below the liferaft's light waterline.
4.2.4.3 There shall be means inside the liferaft to assist persons to pull themselves into the liferaft from the ladder.
4.2.5 Stability of inflatable liferafts
4.2.5.1 Every inflatable liferaft shall be so constructed that, when fully inflated and floating with the canopy uppermost, it is stable in a seaway.
4.2.5.2 The stability of the liferaft when in the inverted position shall be such that it can be righted in a seaway and in calm water by one person.
4.2.5.3 The stability of the liferaft when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment shall be such that it can be towed at speeds of up to 3 knots in calm water.
4.2.5.4 The liferaft shall be fitted with water pockets complying with the following requirements:
.1 the water pockets shall be of a highly visible colour;
.2 the design shall be such that the pockets fill to at least 60% of their capacity within   25 s of deployment;
.3 the pockets shall have an aggregate capacity of at least 220 l for liferafts up to 10 persons;
.4 the pockets for liferafts certified to carry more than 10 persons shall have an aggregate capacity of not less than 20 N l, where N = number of persons carried; and
.5 the pockets shall be positioned symmetrically round the circumference of the liferaft. Means shall be provided to enable air to readily escape from underneath the liferaft.
4.2.6 Containers for inflatable liferafts
4.2.6.1 The liferaft shall be packed in a container that is:
.1 so constructed as to withstand hard wear under conditions encountered at sea;
.2 of sufficient inherent buoyancy, when packed with the liferaft and its equipment, to pull the painter from within and to operate the inflation mechanism should the ship sink; and
.3 as far as practicable watertight, except for drain holes in the container bottom.
4.2.6.2 The liferaft shall be packed in its container in such a way as to ensure, as far as possible, that the waterborne liferaft inflates in an upright position on breaking free from its container.
4.2.6.3 The container shall be marked with:
.1 maker's name or trade mark;
.2 serial number;
.3 name of approving authority and the number of persons it is permitted to carry;
.4 SOLAS;
.5 type of emergency pack enclosed;
.6 date when last serviced;
.7 length of painter;
.8 maximum permitted height of stowage above waterline (depending on drop-test height and length of painter); and
.9 launching instructions.
4.2.7 Markings on inflatable liferafts
4.2.7.1 The liferaft shall be marked with:
.1 maker's name or trade mark;
.2 serial number;
.3 date of manufacture (month and year);
.4 name of approving authority;
.5 name and place of servicing station where it was last serviced; and
.6 number of persons it is permitted to accommodate over each entrance in characters not less than 100 mm in height of a colour contrasting with that of the liferaft.
4.2.7.2 Provision shall be made for marking each liferaft with the name and port of registry of the ship to which it is to be fitted, in such a form that the ship identification can be changed at any time without opening the container.
4.2.8 Davit-launched inflatable liferafts
4.2.8.1 In addition to complying with the above requirements, a liferaft for use with an approved launching appliance shall, when suspended from its lifting hook or bridle, withstand a load of:
.1 4 times the mass of its full complement of persons and equipment, at an ambient temperature and a stabilized liferaft temperature of 20 ±3°C with all relief valves inoperative; and
.2 1.1 times the mass of its full complement of persons and equipment at an ambient temperature and a stabilized liferaft temperature of -30°C with all relief valves operative.
4.2.8.2 Rigid containers for liferafts to be launched by a launching appliance shall be so secured that the container or parts of it are prevented from falling into the sea during and after inflation and launching of the contained liferaft.

4.2.9 Additional equipment for inflatable liferafts
4.2.9.1 In addition to the equipment required by paragraph 4.1.5, every inflatable liferaft shall be provided with:
.1 one repair outfit for repairing punctures in buoyancy compartments; and
.2 one topping-up pump or bellows.
4.2.9.2 The knives required by paragraph 4.1.5.1.2 shall be safety knives, and the tin-openers and scissors required by paragraph 4.1.5.1.7 shall be of the safety type.
4.3 Rigid liferafts
4.3.1 Rigid liferafts shall comply with the requirements of section 4.1 and, in addition, shall comply with the requirements of this section.
4.3.2 Construction of rigid liferafts
4.3.2.1 The buoyancy of the liferaft shall be provided by approved inherently buoyant material placed as near as possible to the periphery of the liferaft. The buoyant material shall be fire-retardant or be protected by a fire-retardant covering.
4.3.2.2 The floor of the liferaft shall prevent the ingress of water and shall effectively support the occupants out of the water and insulate them from cold.
4.3.3 Carrying capacity of rigid liferafts
The number of persons which a liferaft shall be permitted to accommodate shall be equal to the lesser of:
.1 the greatest whole number obtained by dividing by 0.096 the volume, measured in cubic metres, of the buoyancy material multiplied by a factor of 1 minus the specific gravity of that material; or
.2 the greatest whole number obtained by dividing by 0.372 the horizontal cross-sectional area of the floor of the liferaft measured in square metres; or
.3 the number of persons having an average mass of 75 kg, all wearing immersion suits and lifejackets, that can be seated with sufficient comfort and headroom without interfering with the operation of any of the liferaft's equipment.
4.3.4 Access into rigid liferafts
4.3.4.1 At least one entrance shall be fitted with a rigid boarding ramp to enable persons to board the liferaft from the sea. In the case of a davit-launched liferaft having more than one entrance, the boarding ramp shall be fitted at the entrance opposite to the bowsing and embarkation facilities.
4.3.4.2 Entrances not provided with a boarding ramp shall have a boarding ladder, the lowest step of which shall be situated not less than 0.4 m below the liferaft's light waterline.
4.3.4.3 There shall be means inside the liferaft to assist persons to pull themselves into the liferaft from the ladder.
4.3.5 Stability of rigid liferafts
4.3.5.1 Unless the liferaft is capable of operating safely whichever way up it is floating, its strength and stability shall be such that it is either self-righting or can be readily righted in a seaway and in calm water by one person.
4.3.5.2 The stability of a liferaft when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment shall be such that it can be towed at speeds of up to 3 knots in calm water.
4.3.6 Markings on rigid liferafts
The liferaft shall be marked with:
.1 name and port of registry of the ship to which it belongs;
.2 maker's name or trade mark;
.3 serial number;
.4 name of approving authority;
.5 number of persons it is permitted to accommodate over each entrance in characters not less than 100 mm in height of a colour contrasting with that of the liferaft;
.6 SOLAS;
.7 type of emergency pack enclosed;
.8 length of painter;
.9 maximum permitted height of stowage above waterline (drop-test height); and
.10 launching instructions.

4.3.7 Davit-launched rigid liferafts
In addition to the above requirements, a rigid liferaft for use with an approved launching appliance shall, when suspended from its lifting hook or bridle, withstand a load of 4 times the mass of its full complement of persons and equipment.
4.4 General requirements for lifeboats
4.4.1 Construction of lifeboats
4.4.1.1 All lifeboats shall be properly constructed and shall be of such form and proportions that they have ample stability in a seaway and sufficient freeboard when loaded with their full complement of persons and equipment. All lifeboats shall have rigid hulls and shall be capable of maintaining positive stability when in an upright position in calm water and loaded with their full complement of persons and equipment and holed in any one location below the waterline, assuming no loss of buoyancy material and no other damage.
4.4.1.2 Each lifeboat shall be fitted with a certificate of approval, endorsed by the Administration, containing at least the following items:
- manufacturer's name and address;
- lifeboat model and serial number;
- month and year of manufacture;
- number of persons the lifeboat is approved to carry; and
- the approval information required under paragraph 1.2.2.9.
The certifying organization shall provide the lifeboat with a certificate of approval which, in addition to the above items, specifies:
- number of the certificate of approval;
- material of hull construction, in such detail as to ensure that compatibility problems in repair should not occur;
- total mass fully equipped and fully manned; and
- statement of approval as to sections 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8 or 4.9.
4.4.1.3 All lifeboats shall be of sufficient strength to:
.1 enable them to be safely launched into the water when loaded with their full complement of persons and equipment; and
.2   be capable of being launched and towed when the ship is making headway at a speed of 5 knots in calm water.
4.4.1.4 Hulls and rigid covers shall be fire-retardant or non-combustible.
4.4.1.5 Seating shall be provided on thwarts, benches or fixed chairs which are constructed so as to be capable of supporting:
.1 a static load equivalent to the number of persons each weighing 100 kg for which spaces are provided in compliance with the requirements of paragraph 4.4.2.2.2;
.2 a load of 100 kg in any single seat location when a lifeboat to be launched by falls is dropped into the water from a height of at least 3 m; and
.3 a load of 100 kg in any single seat location when a free-fall lifeboat is launched from a height of at least 1.3 times its free-fall certification height.
4.4.1.6 Except for free-fall lifeboats, each lifeboat to be launched by falls shall be of sufficient strength to withstand a load, without residual deflection on removal of that load:
.1 in the case of boats with metal hulls, 1.25 times the total mass of the lifeboat when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment; or
.2 in the case of other boats, twice the total mass of the lifeboat when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment.
4.4.1.7 Except for free-fall lifeboats, each lifeboat to be launched by falls shall be of sufficient strength to withstand, when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment and with, where applicable, skates or fenders in position, a lateral impact against the ship's side at an impact velocity of at least 3.5 m/s and also a drop into the water from a height of at least 3 m.
4.4.1.8 The vertical distance between the floor surface and the interior of the enclosure or canopy over 50% of the floor area shall be:
.1 not less than 1.3 m for a lifeboat permitted to accommodate nine persons or less;
.2 not less than 1.7 m for a lifeboat permitted to accommodate 24 persons or more; and
.3 not less than the distance as determined by linear interpolation between 1.3 m and 1.7 m for a lifeboat permitted to accommodate between nine and 24 persons.
4.4.2 Carrying capacity of lifeboats
4.4.2.1 No lifeboat shall be approved to accommodate more than 150 persons.
4.4.2.2 The number of persons which a lifeboat to be launched by falls shall be permitted to accommodate shall be equal to the lesser of:
.1 the number of persons having an average mass of 75 kg, all wearing lifejackets, that can be seated in a normal position without interfering with the means of propulsion or the operation of any of the lifeboat's equipment; or
.2 the number of spaces that can be provided on the seating arrangements in accordance with figure 1. The shapes may be overlapped as shown, provided footrests are fitted and there is sufficient room for legs and the vertical separation between the upper and lower seat is not less than 350 mm.

[Figure 1 not reproduced here.]

Figure 1

4.4.2.3 Each seating position shall be clearly indicated in the lifeboat.
4.4.3 Access into lifeboats
4.4.3.1 Every passenger ship lifeboat shall be so arranged that it can be rapidly boarded by its full complement of persons. Rapid disembarkation shall also be possible.
4.4.3.2 Every cargo ship lifeboat shall be so arranged that it can be boarded by its full complement of persons in not more than 3 min from the time the instruction to board is given. Rapid disembarkation shall also be possible.
4.4.3.3 Lifeboats shall have a boarding ladder that can be used at any boarding entrance of the lifeboat to enable persons in the water to board the lifeboat. The lowest step of the ladder shall be not less than 0.4 m below the lifeboat's light waterline.
4.4.3.4 The lifeboat shall be so arranged that helpless people can be brought on board either from the sea or on stretchers.
4.4.3.5 All surfaces on which persons might walk shall have a non-skid finish.
4.4.4 Lifeboat buoyancy
All lifeboats shall have inherent buoyancy or shall be fitted with inherently buoyant material which shall not be adversely affected by seawater, oil or oil products, sufficient to float the lifeboat with all its equipment on board when flooded and open to the sea. Additional inherently buoyant material, equal to 280 N of buoyant force per person shall be provided for the number of persons the lifeboat is permitted to accommodate. Buoyant material, unless in addition to that required above, shall not be installed external to the hull of the lifeboat.

4.4.5 Lifeboat freeboard and stability
4.4.5.1 All lifeboats shall be stable and have a positive GM value when loaded with 50% of the number of persons the lifeboat is permitted to accommodate in their normal positions to one side of the centreline.
4.4.5.2 Under the condition of loading in paragraph 4.4.5.1:
.1 each lifeboat with side openings near the gunwale shall have a freeboard, measured from the waterline to the lowest opening through which the lifeboat may become flooded, of at least 1.5% of the lifeboat's length or 100 mm, whichever is the greater; and
.2 each lifeboat without side openings near the gunwale shall not exceed an angle of heel of 20° and shall have a freeboard, measured from the waterline to the lowest opening through which the lifeboat may become flooded, of at least 1.5% of the lifeboat's length or 100 mm whichever is the greater.
4.4.6 Lifeboat propulsion
4.4.6.1 Every lifeboat shall be powered by a compression ignition engine. No engine shall be used for any lifeboat if its fuel has a flashpoint of 43°C or less (closed cup test).
4.4.6.2 The engine shall be provided with either a manual starting system, or a power starting system with two independent rechargeable energy sources. Any necessary starting aids shall also be provided.
The engine starting systems and starting aids shall start the engine at an ambient temperature of -15°C within 2 min of commencing the start procedure unless, in the opinion of the Administration having regard to the particular voyages in which the ship carrying the lifeboat is constantly engaged, a different temperature is appropriate. The starting systems shall not be impeded by the engine casing, seating or other obstructions.
4.4.6.3 The engine shall be capable of operating for not less than 5 min after starting from cold with the lifeboat out of the water.
4.4.6.4 The engine shall be capable of operating when the lifeboat is flooded up to the centreline of the crankshaft.
4.4.6.5 The propeller shafting shall be so arranged that the propeller can be disengaged from the engine. Provision shall be made for ahead and astern propulsion of the lifeboat.
4.4.6.6 The exhaust pipe shall be so arranged as to prevent water from entering the engine in normal operation.
4.4.6.7 All lifeboats shall be designed with due regard to the safely of persons in the water and to the possibility of damage to the propulsion system by floating debris.
4.4.6.8 The speed of a lifeboat when proceeding ahead in calm water, when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment and with all engine-powered auxiliary equipment in operation, shall be at least 6 knots and at least 2 knots when towing a 25-person liferaft loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment or its equivalent. Sufficient fuel, suitable for use throughout the temperature range expected in the area in which the ship operates, shall be provided to run the fully loaded lifeboat at 6 knots for a period of not less than 24 h.
4.4.6.9 The lifeboat engine, transmission and engine accessories shall be enclosed in a fire-retardant casing or other suitable arrangements providing similar protection. Such arrangements shall also protect persons from coming into accidental contact with hot or moving parts and protect the engine from exposure to weather and sea. Adequate means shall be provided to reduce the engine noise so that a shouted order can be heard. Starter batteries shall be provided with casings which form a watertight enclosure around the bottom and sides of the batteries. The battery casings shall have a tight fitting top which provides for necessary gas venting.
4.4.6.10 The lifeboat engine and accessories shall be designed to limit electromagnetic emissions so that engine operation does not interfere with the operation of radio life-saving appliances used in the lifeboat.
4.4.6.11 Means shall be provided for recharging all engine starting, radio and searchlight batteries. Radio batteries shall not be used to provide power for engine starting. Means shall be provided for recharging lifeboat batteries from the ship's power supply at a supply voltage not exceeding 50 V which can be disconnected at the lifeboat embarkation station, or by means of a solar battery charger.
4.4.6.12 Water-resistant instructions for starting and operating the engine shall be provided and mounted in a conspicuous place near the engine starting controls.
4.4.7 Lifeboat fittings
4.4.7.1 All lifeboats except free-fall lifeboats shall be provided with at least one drain valve fitted near the lowest point in the hull, which shall automatically open to drain water from the hull when the lifeboat is not waterborne and shall automatically close to prevent entry of water when the lifeboat is waterborne. Each drain valve shall be provided with a cap or plug to close the valve, which shall be attached to the lifeboat by a lanyard, a chain, or other suitable means. Drain valves shall be readily accessible from inside the lifeboat and their position shall be clearly indicated.
4.4.7.2 All lifeboats shall be provided with a rudder and tiller. When a wheel or other remote steering mechanism is also provided the tiller shall be capable of controlling the rudder in case of failure of the steering mechanism. The rudder shall be permanently attached to the lifeboat. The tiller shall be permanently installed on, or linked to, the rudder stock; however, if the lifeboat has a remote steering mechanism, the tiller may be removable and securely stowed near the rudder stock. The rudder and tiller shall be so arranged as not to be damaged by operation of the release mechanism or the propeller.
4.4.7.3 Except in the vicinity of the rudder and propeller, suitable handholds shall be provided or a buoyant lifeline shall be becketed around the outside of the lifeboat above the waterline and within reach of a person in the water.
4.4.7.4 Lifeboats which are not self-righting when capsized shall have suitable handholds on the underside of the hull to enable persons to cling to the lifeboat. The handholds shall be fastened to the lifeboat in such a way that, when subjected to an impact sufficient to cause them to break away from the lifeboat, they break away without damaging the lifeboat.
4.4.7.5 All lifeboats shall be fitted with sufficient watertight lockers or compartments to provide for the storage of the small items of equipment, water and provisions required by paragraph 4.4.8. The lifeboat shall be equipped with a means for collecting rain water, and in addition if required by the Administration a means for producing drinking water from seawater with a manually powered desalinator. The desalinator must not be dependent upon solar heat, nor on chemicals other than seawater. Means shall be provided for the storage of collected water.
4.4.7.6 Every lifeboat to be launched by a fall or falls, except a free-fall lifeboat, shall be fitted with a release mechanism complying with the following requirements subject to paragraph .5 below:
.1 the mechanism shall be so arranged that all hooks are released simultaneously;
.2 the mechanism shall have two release capabilities as follows:
.2.1 a normal release capability which will release the lifeboat when it is waterborne or when there is no load on the hooks; and
.2.2 an on-load release capability which will release the lifeboat with a load on the hooks. This release shall be so arranged as to release the lifeboat under any conditions of loading from no-load with the lifeboat waterborne to a load of 1.1 times the total mass of the lifeboat when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment. This release capability shall be adequately protected against accidental or premature use. Adequate protection shall include special mechanical protection not normally required for offload release, in addition to a danger sign. To prevent an accidental release during recovery of the boat, the mechanical protection (interlock) should only engage when the release mechanism is properly and completely reset. To prevent a premature on-load release, on-load operation of the release mechanism should require a deliberate and sustained action by the operator. The release mechanism shall be so designed that crew members in the lifeboat can clearly observe when the release mechanism is properly and completely reset and ready for lifting. Clear operating instructions should be provided with a suitably worded warning notice;
.3 the release control shall be clearly marked in a colour that contrasts with its surroundings;
.4 the fixed structural connections of the release mechanism in the lifeboat shall be designed with a calculated factor of safety of 6 based on the ultimate strength of the materials used, assuming the mass of the lifeboat is equally distributed between the falls; and
.5 where a single fall and hook system is used for launching a lifeboat or rescue boat in combination with a suitable painter, the requirements of paragraph 4.4.7.6.2 need not be applicable; in such an arrangement a single capability to release the lifeboat or rescue boat, only when it is fully waterborne, will be adequate.
4.4.7.7 Every lifeboat shall be fitted with a device to secure a painter near its bow. The device shall be such that the lifeboat does not exhibit unsafe or unstable characteristics when being towed by the ship making headway at speeds up to 5 knots in calm water. Except for free-fall lifeboats, the painter securing device shall include a release device to enable the painter to be released from inside the lifeboat, with the ship making headway at speeds up to 5 knots in calm water.
4.4.7.8 Every lifeboat which is fitted with a fixed two-way VHF radiotelephone apparatus with an antenna which is separately mounted shall be provided with arrangements for siting and securing the antenna effectively in its operating position.
4.4.7.9 Lifeboats intended for launching down the side of a ship shall have skates and fenders as necessary to facilitate launching and prevent damage to the lifeboat.
4.4.7.10 A manually controlled lamp shall be fitted. The light shall be white and be capable of operating continuously for at least 12 h with a luminous intensity of not less than 4.3cd in all directions of the upper hemisphere. However if the light is a flashing light it shall flash at a rate of not less than 50 flashes and not more than 70 flashes per minute for the 12 h operating period with an equivalent effective luminous intensity.
4.4.7.11 A manually controlled lamp or source of light shall be fitted inside the lifeboat to provide illumination for not less than 12 h to permit reading of survival and equipment instructions; however, oil lamps shall not be permitted for this purpose.
4.4.7.12 Every lifeboat shall be so arranged that an adequate view forward, aft and to both sides is provided from the control and steering position for safe launching and manoeuvring.
4.4.8 Lifeboat equipment
All items of lifeboat equipment, whether required by this paragraph or elsewhere in section 4.4, shall be secured within the lifeboat by lashings, storage in lockers or compartments, storage in brackets or similar mounting arrangements or other suitable means. However, in the case of a lifeboat to be launched by falls, the boat-hooks shall be kept free for fending off purposes. The equipment shall be secured in such a manner as not to interfere with any abandonment procedures. All items of lifeboat equipment shall be as small and of as little mass as possible and shall be packed in a suitable and compact form. Except where otherwise stated, the normal equipment of every lifeboat shall consist of:
.1 except for free-fall lifeboats, sufficient buoyant oars to make headway in calm seas. Thole pins, crutches or equivalent arrangements shall be provided for each oar provided. Thole pins or crutches shall be attached to the boat by lanyards or chains;
.2 two boat-hooks;
.3 a buoyant bailer and two buckets;
.4 a survival manual;
.5 an operational compass which is luminous or provided with suitable means of illumination. In a totally enclosed lifeboat, the compass shall be permanently fitted at the steering position; in any other lifeboat, it shall be provided with a binnacle if necessary to protect it from the weather, and suitable mounting arrangements;
.6 a sea-anchor of adequate size fitted with a shock-resistant hawser which provides a firm hand grip when wet. The strength of the sea-anchor, hawser and tripping line if fitted shall be adequate for all sea conditions;
.7 two efficient painters of a length equal to not less than twice the distance from the stowage position of the lifeboat to the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or 15 m, whichever is the greater. On lifeboats to be launched by free-fall launching, both painters shall be stowed near the bow ready for use. On other lifeboats, one painter attached to the release device required by paragraph 4.4.7.7 shall be placed at the forward end of the lifeboat and the other shall be firmly secured at or near the bow of the lifeboat ready for use;
.8 two hatchets, one at each end of the lifeboat;
.9 watertight receptacles containing a total of 3 l of fresh water for each person the lifeboat is permitted to accommodate, of which either 1 l per person may be replaced by a de-salting apparatus capable of producing an equal amount of fresh water in 2 days, or 2 l per person may be replaced by a manually powered reverse osmosis desalinator as described in paragraph 4.4.7.5 capable of producing an equal amount of fresh water in 2 days;
.10 a rustproof dipper with lanyard;
.11 a rustproof graduated drinking vessel;
.12 a food ration as described in paragraph 4.1.5.1.18 totalling not less than 10,000 kJ for each person the lifeboat is permitted to accommodate; these rations shall be kept in airtight packaging and be stowed in a watertight container;
.13 four rocket parachute flares complying with the requirements of section 3.1;
.14 six hand flares complying with the requirements of section 3.2;
.15 two buoyant smoke signals complying with the requirements of section 3.3;
.16 one waterproof electric torch suitable for Morse signalling together with one spare set of batteries and one spare bulb in a waterproof container;
.17 one daylight signalling mirror with instructions for its use for signalling to ships and aircraft;
.18 one copy of the life-saving signals prescribed by Regulation V/16 on a waterproof card or in a waterproof container;
.19 one whistle or equivalent sound signal;
.20 a first-aid outfit in a waterproof case capable of being closed tightly after use;
.21 anti-seasickness medicine sufficient for at least 48 h and one seasickness bag for each person;
.22 a jack-knife to be kept attached to the boat by a lanyard;
.23 three tin-openers;
.24 two buoyant rescue quoits, attached to not less than 30 m of buoyant line;
25 if the lifeboat is not automatically self-bailing, a manual pump suitable for effective bailing;
.26 one set of fishing tackle;
.27 sufficient tools for minor adjustments to the engine and its accessories;
.28 portable fire-extinguishing equipment of an approved type suitable for extinguishing oil fires;
.29 a searchlight with a horizontal and vertical sector of at least 6° and a measured luminous intensity of 2,500 cd which can work continuously for not less than 3 h;
.30 an efficient radar reflector, unless a survival craft radar transponder is stowed in the lifeboat;
.31 thermal protective aids complying with the requirements of section 2.5 sufficient for 10% of the number of persons the lifeboat is permitted to accommodate or two, whichever is the greater; and
.32 in the case of ships engaged on voyages of such a nature and duration that, in the opinion of the Administration, the items specified in paragraphs 4.4.8.12 and 4.4.8.26 are unnecessary, the Administration may allow these items to be dispensed with.
4.4.9 Lifeboat markings
4.4.9.1 The number of persons for which the lifeboat is approved shall be clearly marked on it in clear permanent characters.
4.4.9.2 The name and port of registry of the ship to which the lifeboat belongs shall be marked on each side of the lifeboat's bow in block capitals of the Roman alphabet.
4.4.9.3 Means of identifying the ship to which the lifeboat belongs and the number of the lifeboat shall be marked in such a way that they are visible from above,
4.5 Partially enclosed lifeboats
4.5.1 Partially enclosed lifeboats shall comply with the requirements of section 4.4 and in addition shall comply with the requirements of this section.
4.5.2 Partially enclosed lifeboats shall be provided with permanently attached rigid covers extending over not less than 20% of the length of the lifeboat from the stem and not less than 20% of the length of the lifeboat from the aftermost part of the lifeboat. The lifeboat shall be fitted with a permanently attached foldable canopy which together with the rigid covers completely encloses the occupants of the lifeboat in a weatherproof shelter and protects them from exposure. The lifeboat shall have entrances at both ends and on each side. Entrances in the rigid covers shall be weathertight when closed. The canopy shall be so arranged that:
.1 it is provided with adequate rigid sections or battens to permit erection of the canopy;
.2 it can be easily erected by not more than two persons;
.3 it is insulated to protect the occupants against heat and cold by means of not less than two layers of material separated by an air gap or other equally efficient means; means shall be provided to prevent accumulation of water in the air gap;
.4 its exterior is of a highly visible colour and its interior is of a colour which does not cause discomfort to the occupants;
.5 entrances in the canopy are provided with efficient adjustable closing arrangements which can be easily and quickly opened and closed from inside or outside so as to permit ventilation but exclude seawater, wind and cold; means shall be provided for holding the entrances securely in the open and closed position;
.6 with the entrances closed, it admits sufficient air for the occupants at all times;
.7 it has means for collecting rainwater; and
.8 the occupants can escape in the event of the lifeboat capsizing.
4.5.3 The interior of the lifeboat shall be of a highly visible colour.
4.5.4 If a fixed two-way VHF radiotelephone apparatus is fitted in the lifeboat, it shall be installed in a cabin large enough to accommodate both the equipment and the person using it. No separate cabin is required if the construction of the lifeboat provides a sheltered space to the satisfaction of the Administration.

4.6 Totally enclosed lifeboats
4.6.1 Totally enclosed lifeboats shall comply with the requirements of section 4.4 and in addition shall comply with the requirements of this section.
4.6.2 Enclosure
Every totally enclosed lifeboat shall be provided with a rigid watertight enclosure which completely encloses the lifeboat. The enclosure shall be so arranged that:
.1 it provides shelter for the occupants;
.2 access to the lifeboat is provided by hatches which can be closed to make the lifeboat watertight;
.3 except for free-fall lifeboats, hatches are positioned so as to allow launching and recovery operations to be performed without any occupant having to leave the enclosure;
.4 access hatches are capable of being opened and closed from both inside and outside and are equipped with means to hold them securely in open positions;
.5 except for a free-fall lifeboat, it is possible to row the lifeboat;
.6 it is capable, when the lifeboat is in the capsized position with the hatches closed and without significant leakage, of supporting the entire mass of the lifeboat, including all equipment, machinery and its full complement of persons;
.7 it includes windows or translucent panels which admit sufficient daylight to the inside of the lifeboat with the hatches closed to make artificial light unnecessary;
.8 its exterior is of a highly visible colour and its interior of a colour which does not cause discomfort to the occupants;
.9 handrails provide a secure handhold for persons moving about the exterior of the lifeboat, and aid embarkation and disembarkation;
.10 persons have access to their seats from an entrance without having to climb over thwarts or other obstructions; and
.11 during operation of the engine with the enclosure closed, the atmospheric pressure inside the lifeboat shall never be above or below the outside atmospheric pressure by more than 20 hPa.
4.6.3 Capsizing and re-righting
4.6.3.1 Except in free-fall lifeboats, a safety bell shall be fitted at each indicated seating position. The safety belt shall be designed to hold a person with a mass of 100 kg securely in place when the lifeboat is in a capsized position. Each set of safety belts for a seat shall be of a colour which contrasts with the belts for seats immediately adjacent. Free-fall lifeboats shall be fitted with a safety harness at each seat in contrasting colour designed to hold a person with a mass of 100 kg securely in place during a free-fall launch as well as with the lifeboat in capsized position.
4.6.3.2 The stability of the lifeboat shall be such that it is inherently or automatically self-righting when loaded with its full or a partial complement of persons and equipment and all entrances and openings are closed watertight and the persons are secured with safety belts.
4.6.3.3 The lifeboat shall be capable of supporting its full complement of persons and equipment when the lifeboat is in the damaged condition prescribed in paragraph .4.4.1.1 and its stability shall be such that in the event of capsizing, it will automatically attain a position that will provide an above-water escape for its occupants. When the lifeboat is in the stable flooded condition, the water level inside the lifeboat, measured along the seatback, shall not be more than 500 mm above the seat pan at any occupant seating position.
4.6.3.4 The design of all engine exhaust pipes, air ducts and other openings shall be such that water is excluded from the engine when the lifeboat capsizes and re-rights.
4.6.4 Propulsion
4.6.4.1 The engine and transmission shall be controlled from the helmsman's position.
4.6.4.2 The engine and engine installation shall be capable of running in any position during capsize and continue to run after the lifeboat returns to the upright or shall automatically stop on capsizing and be easily restarted after the lifeboat returns to the upright. The design of the fuel and lubricating systems shall prevent the loss of fuel and the loss of more than 250 ml of lubricating oil from the engine during capsize.
4.6.4.3 Air-cooled engines shall have a duct system to take in cooling air from, and exhaust it to, the outside of the lifeboat. Manually operated dampers shall be provided to enable cooling air to be taken in from, and exhausted to, the interior of the lifeboat.
4.6.5 Protection against acceleration
Notwithstanding paragraph 4.4.1.7, a totally enclosed lifeboat, except a free-fall lifeboat, shall be so constructed and fendered such that the lifeboat renders protection against harmful accelerations resulting from an impact of the lifeboat, when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment, against the ship's side at an impact velocity of not less than 3.5 m/s.
4.7 Free-fall lifeboats
4.7.1 General requirements
Free-fall lifeboats shall comply with the requirements of section 4.6 and in addition shall comply with the requirements of this section.
4.7.2 Carrying capacity of a free-fall lifeboat
The carrying capacity of a free-fall lifeboat is the number of persons that can be provided with a seat without interfering with the means of propulsion or the operation of any of the lifeboat's equipment. The width of the seat shall be at least 430 mm. Free clearance in front of the backrest shall be at least 635 mm. The backrest shall extend at least 1,000 mm above the seatpan.
4.7.3 Performance requirements
4.7.3.1 Each free-fall lifeboat shall make positive headway immediately after water entry and shall not come into contact with the ship after a free-fall launching against a trim of up to 10° and a list of up to 20° either way from the certification height when fully equipped and loaded with:
.1 its full complement of persons;
.2 occupants so as to cause the centre of gravity to be in the most forward position;
.3 occupants so as to cause the centre of gravity to be in the most aft position; and
.4 its operating crew only.
4.7.3.2 For oil tankers, chemical tankers and gas carriers with a final angle of heel greater than 20° calculated in accordance with the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto and the recommendations of the Organization, as applicable, a lifeboat shall be capable of being free-fall launched at the final angle of heel and on the base of the final waterline of that calculation.
4.7.3.3 The required free-fall height shall never exceed the free-fall certification height.
4.7.4 Construction
Each free-fall lifeboat shall be of sufficient strength to withstand, when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment, a free-fall launch from a height of at least 1.3 times the free-fall certification height.
4.7.5 Protection against harmful acceleration
Each free-fall lifeboat shall be so constructed as to ensure that the lifeboat is capable of rendering protection against harmful accelerations resulting from being launched from the height for which it is to be certified in calm water under unfavourable conditions of a trim of up to 10° and a list of up to 20° either way when it is fully equipped and loaded with:
.1 its full complement of persons;
.2 occupants so as to cause the centre of gravity to be in the most forward position;
.3 occupants so as to cause the centre of gravity to be in the most aft position; and
.4 the operating crew only.
4.7.6 Lifeboat fittings
Each free-fall lifeboat shall be filled with a release system which shall:
.1 have two independent activation systems for the release mechanisms which may only be operated from inside the lifeboat and be marked in a colour that contrasts with its surroundings;
.2 be so arranged as to release the boat under any condition of loading from no-load up to at least 200% of the normal load caused by the fully equipped lifeboat when loaded with the number of persons for which it is to be approved;
.3 be adequately protected against accidental or premature use;
.4 be designed to test the release system without launching the lifeboat; and
.5 be designed with a factor of safety of 6 based on the ultimate strength of the materials used.

4.7.7 Certificate of approval
In addition to the requirements of paragraph 4.4.1.2, the certificate of approval for a free-fall lifeboat shall also state:
.1 free-fall certification height;
.2 required launching ramp length; and
.3 launching ramp angle for the free-fall certification height.
4.8 Lifeboats with a self-contained air support system
In addition to complying with the requirements of section 4.6 or 4.7, as applicable, a lifeboat with a self-contained air support system shall be so arranged that, when proceeding with all entrances and openings closed, the air in the lifeboat remains safe and breathable and the engine runs normally for a period of not less than 10 min. During this period the atmospheric pressure inside the lifeboat shall never fall below the outside atmospheric pressure nor shall it exceed it by more than 20 hPa. The system shall have visual indicators to indicate the pressure of the air supply at all times.
4.9 Fire-protected lifeboats
4.9.1 In addition to complying with the requirements of section 4.8, a fire-protected lifeboat when waterborne shall be capable of protecting the number of persons it is permitted to accommodate when subjected to a continuous oil fire that envelops the lifeboat for a period of not less than 8 min.
4.9.2 Water spray system
A lifeboat which has a water spray fire-protection system shall comply with the following:
.1 water for the system shall be drawn from the sea by a self-priming motor pump. It shall be possible to turn "on" and turn "off" the flow of water over the exterior of the lifeboat;
.2 the seawater intake shall be so arranged as to prevent the intake of flammable liquids from the sea surface; and
.3 the system shall be arranged for flushing with fresh water and allowing complete drainage.

CHAPTER V - RESCUE BOATS

5.1 Rescue boats
5.1.1 General requirements
5.1.1.1 Except as provided by this section, all rescue boats shall comply with the requirements of paragraphs 4.4.1 to 4.4.7.4 inclusive and 4.4.7.6, 4.4.7.7, 4.4.7.9, 4.4.7.10 and 4.4.9. A lifeboat may be approved and used as a rescue boat if it meets all of the requirements of this section, if it successfully completes the testing for a rescue boat required in Regulation III/4.2, and if its stowage, launching and recovery arrangements on the ship meet all of the requirements for a rescue boat.
5.1.1.2 Notwithstanding the requirements of paragraph 4.4.4 required buoyant material for rescue boats may be installed external to the hull, provided it is adequately protected against damage and is capable of withstanding exposure as specified in paragraph 5.1.3.3.
5.1.1.3 Rescue boats may be either of rigid or inflated construction or a combination of both and shall:
.1 be not less than 3.8 m and not more than 8.5 m in length; and
.2 be capable of carrying at least five seated persons and a person lying on a stretcher. Notwithstanding paragraph 4.4.1.5, seating, except for the helmsman, may be provided on the floor, provided that the seating space analysis in accordance with paragraph 4.4.2.2.2 uses shapes similar to figure 1, but altered to an overall length of 1,190 mm to provide for extended legs. No part of a seating space shall be on the gunwale, transom, or on inflated buoyancy at the sides of the boat.
5.1.1.4 Rescue boats which are a combination of rigid and inflated construction shall comply with the appropriate requirements of this section to the satisfaction of the Administration.
5.1.1.5 Unless the rescue boat has adequate sheer, it shall be provided with a bow cover extending for not less than 15% of its length.
5.1.1.6 Rescue boats shall be capable of manoeuvring at a speed of at least 6 knots and maintaining that speed for a period of at least 4 h.
5.1.1.7 Rescue boats shall have sufficient mobility and manoeuvrability in a seaway to enable persons to be retrieved from the water, marshal liferafts and tow the largest liferaft carried on the ship when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment or its equivalent at a speed of at least 2 knots.
5.1.1.8 A rescue boat shall be fitted with an inboard engine or outboard motor. If it is fitted with an outboard motor, the rudder and tiller may form part of the engine. Notwithstanding the requirements of paragraph 4.4.6.1, petrol-driven outboard engines with an approved fuel system may be fitted in rescue boats provided the fuel tanks are specially protected against fire and explosion.
5.1.1.9 Arrangements for towing shall be permanently fitted in rescue boats and shall be sufficiently strong to marshal or tow liferafts as required by paragraph 5.1.1.7.
5.1.1.10 Unless expressly provided otherwise, every rescue boat shall be provided with effective means of bailing or be automatically self-bailing.
5.1.1.11 Rescue boats shall befitted with weathertight stowage for small items of equipment.
5.1.2 Rescue boat equipment
5.1.2.1 All items of rescue boat equipment, with the exception of boat-hooks which shall be kept free for fending off purposes, shall be secured within the rescue boat by lashings, storage in lockers or compartments, storage in brackets or similar mounting arrangements, or other suitable means. The equipment shall be secured in such a manner as not to interfere with any launching or recovery procedures. All items of rescue boat equipment shall be as small and of as little mass as possible and shall be packed in suitable and compact form.
5.1.2.2 The normal equipment of every rescue boat shall consist of:
.1 sufficient buoyant oars or paddles to make headway in calm seas. Thole pins, crutches or equivalent arrangements shall be provided for each oar. Thole pins or crutches shall be attached to the boat by lanyards or chains;
.2 a buoyant bailer;
.3 a binnacle containing an efficient compass which is luminous or provided with suitable means of illumination;
.4 a sea-anchor and tripping line if fitted with a hawser of adequate strength not less than 10 m in length;
.5 a painter of sufficient length and strength, attached to the release device complying with the requirements of paragraph 4.4.7.7 and placed at the forward end of the rescue boat;
.6 one buoyant line, not less than 50 m in length, of sufficient strength to tow a liferaft as required by paragraph 5.1.1.7;
.7 one waterproof electric torch suitable for Morse signalling, together with one spare set of batteries and one spare bulb in a waterproof container;
.8 one whistle or equivalent sound signal;
.9 a first-aid outfit in a waterproof case capable of being closed tightly after use;
.10 two buoyant rescue quoits, attached to not less than 30 m of buoyant line;
.11 a searchlight with a horizontal and vertical sector of at least 6° and a measured luminous intensity of 2,500 cd which can work continuously for not less than 3 h;
.12 an efficient radar reflector;
.13 thermal protective aids complying with the requirements of section 2.5 sufficient for 10% of the number of persons the rescue boat is permitted to accommodate or two, whichever is the greater; and
.14 portable fire-extinguishing equipment of an approved type suitable for extinguishing oil fires.
5.1.2.3 In addition to the equipment required by paragraph 5.1.2.2, the normal equipment of every rigid, rescue boat shall include:
.1 a boat-hook;
.2 a bucket; and
.3 a knife or hatchet.
5.1.2.4 In addition to the equipment required by paragraph 5.1.2.2, the normal equipment of every inflated rescue boat shall consist of:
.1 a buoyant safely knife;
.2 two sponges;
.3 an efficient manually operated bellows or pump;
.4 a repair kit in a suitable container for repairing punctures; and
.5 a safety boat-hook.
5.1.3 Additional requirements for inflated rescue boats
5.1.3.1 The requirements of paragraphs 4.4.1.4 and 4.4.1.6 do not apply to inflated rescue boats.
5.1.3.2 An inflated rescue boat shall be constructed in such a way that, when suspended by its bridle or lifting hook:
.1 it is of sufficient strength and rigidity to enable it to be lowered and recovered with its full complement of persons and equipment;
.2 it is of sufficient strength to withstand a load of 4 times the mass of its full complement of persons and equipment at an ambient temperature of 20 ±3°C, with all relief valves inoperative; and
.3 it is of sufficient strength to withstand a load of 1.1 times the mass of its full complement of persons and equipment at an ambient temperature of -30°C, with all relief valves operative.
5.1.3.3 Inflated rescue boats shall be so constructed as to be capable of withstanding exposure:
.1 when stowed on an open deck on a ship at sea; and
.2 for 30 days afloat in all sea conditions.
5.1.3.4 In addition to complying with the requirements of paragraph 4.4.9 , inflated rescue boats shall be marked with a serial number, the maker's name or trade mark and the date of manufacture.
5.1.3.5 The buoyancy of an inflated rescue boat shall be provided by either a single tube subdivided into at least five separate compartments of approximately equal volume or two separate tubes neither exceeding 60% of the total volume. The buoyancy tubes shall be so arranged that the intact compartments shall be able to support the number of persons which the rescue boat is permitted to accommodate, each having a mass of 75 kg, when seated in their normal positions with positive freeboard over the rescue boat's entire periphery under the following conditions:
.1 with the forward buoyancy compartment deflated;
.2 with the entire buoyancy on one side of the rescue boat deflated; and
.3 with the entire buoyancy on one side and the bow compartment deflated.
5.1.3.6 The buoyancy tubes forming the boundary of the inflated rescue boat shall on inflation provide a volume of not less than 0.17 m³ for each person the rescue boat is permitted to accommodate.
5.1.3.7 Each buoyancy compartment shall be fitted with a non-return valve for manual inflation and means for deflation. A safety relief valve shall also be filled unless the Administration is satisfied that such an appliance is unnecessary.
5.1.3.8 Underneath the bottom and on vulnerable places on the outside of the inflated rescue boat, rubbing strips shall be provided to the satisfaction of the Administration.
5.1.3.9 Where a transom is fitted it shall not be inset by more than 20% of the overall length of the rescue boat.
5.1.3.10 Suitable patches shall be provided for securing the painters fore and aft and the becketed lifelines inside and outside the boat.
5.1.3.11 The inflated rescue boat shall be maintained at all times in a fully inflated condition.

CHAPTER VI - LAUNCHING AND EMBARKATION APPLIANCES

6.1 Launching and embarkation appliances
6.1.1 General requirements
6.1.1.1 With the exception of the secondary means of launching for free-fall lifeboats, each launching appliance shall be so arranged that the fully equipped survival craft or rescue boat it serves can be safely launched against unfavourable conditions of a trim of up to 10° and a list of up to 20° either way:
.1 when boarded, as required by Regulation III/23 or III/33, by its full complement of persons; and
.2 with not more than the required operating crew on board.
6.1.1.2 Notwithstanding the requirements of paragraph 6.1.1.1, lifeboat launching appliances for oil tankers, chemical tankers and gas carriers with a final angle of heel greater than 20° calculated in accordance with the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto and the recommendations of the Organization, as applicable, shall be capable of operating at the final angle of heel on the lower side of the ship taking into consideration the final damaged waterline of the ship.
6.1.1.3 A launching appliance shall not depend on any means other than gravity or stored mechanical power which is independent of the ship's power supplies to launch the survival craft or rescue boat it serves in the fully loaded and equipped condition and also in the light condition.
6.1.1.4 Each launching appliance shall be so constructed that only a minimum amount of routine maintenance is necessary. All parts requiring regular maintenance by the ship's crew shall be readily accessible and easily maintained.
6.1.1.5 The launching appliance and its attachments other than winch brakes shall be of sufficient strength to withstand a static proof load on test of not less than 2.2 times the maximum working load.
6.1.1.6 Structural members and all blocks, falls, padeyes, links, fastenings and all other fittings used in connection with launching equipment shall be designed with a factor of safety on the basis of the maximum working load assigned and the ultimate strengths of the materials used for construction. A minimum factor of safety of 4.5 shall be applied to all structural members, and a minimum factor of safety of 6 shall be applied to falls, suspension chains, links and blocks.
6.1.1.7 Each launching appliance shall, as far as practicable, remain effective under conditions of icing.
6.1.1.8 A lifeboat launching appliance shall be capable of recovering the lifeboat with its crew.
6.1.1.9 Each rescue boat launching appliance shall be fitted with a powered winch motor capable of raising the rescue boat from the water with its full rescue boat complement of persons and equipment at a rate of not less than 0.3 m/s.
6.1.1.10 The arrangements of the launching appliance shall be such as to enable safe boarding of the survival craft in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs 4.1.4.2, 4.1.4.3, 4.4.3.1 and 4.4.3.2.
6.1.2 Launching appliances using falls and a winch
6.1.2.1 Every launching appliance using falls and a winch, except for secondary launching appliances for free-fall lifeboats, shall comply with the requirements of paragraph 6.1.1 and, in addition, shall comply with the requirements of this paragraph.
6.1.2.2 The launching mechanism shall be so arranged that it may be actuated by one person from a position on the ship's deck and, except for secondary launching appliances for free-fall lifeboats, from a position within the survival craft or rescue boat. When launched by a person on the deck, the survival craft or rescue boat shall be visible to that person.
6.1.2.3 Falls shall be of rotation-resistant and corrosion-resistant steel wire rope.
6.1.2.4 In the case of a multiple drum winch, unless an efficient compensatory device is fitted, the falls shall be so arranged as to wind off the drums at the same rate when lowering, and to wind on to the drums evenly at the same rate when hoisting.
6.1.2.5 The winch brakes of a launching appliance shall be of sufficient strength to withstand:
.1 a static test with a proof load of not less than 1.5 times the maximum working load; and
.2 a dynamic test with a proof load of not less than 1.1 times the maximum working load at maximum lowering speed.
6.1.2.6 An efficient hand gear shall be provided for recovery of each survival craft and rescue boat. Hand gear handles or wheels shall not be rotated by moving parts of the winch when the survival craft or rescue boat is being lowered or when it is being hoisted by power.
6.1.2.7 Where davit arms are recovered by power, safety devices shall be fitted which will automatically cut off the power before the davit arms reach the stops in order to prevent overstressing the falls or davits, unless the motor is designed to prevent such overstressing.
6.1.2.8 The speed at which the fully loaded survival craft or rescue boat is lowered to the water shall not be less than that obtained from the formula:
S = 0.4 + 0.02H
where:
S is the lowering speed in metres per second; and
H is the height in metres from the davit head to the waterline with the ship at the lightest seagoing condition.
6.1.2.9 The lowering speed of a fully equipped liferaft without persons on board shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration. The lowering speed of other survival craft, fully equipped but without persons on board, shall be at least 70% of that required by paragraph 6.1.2.8.
6.1.2.10 The maximum lowering speed shall be established by the Administration having regard to the design of the survival craft or rescue boat, the protection of its occupants from excessive forces, and the strength of the launching arrangements taking into account inertia forces during an emergency stop. Means shall be incorporated in the appliance to ensure that this speed is not exceeded.
6.1.2.11 Every launching appliance shall be fitted with brakes capable of stopping the descent of the survival craft or rescue boat and holding it securely when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment; brake pads shall, where necessary, be protected from water and oil.
6.1.2.12 Manual brakes shall be so arranged that the brake is always applied unless the operator, or a mechanism activated by the operator, holds the brake control in the "off" position.

6.1.3 Float-free launching
Where a survival craft requires a launching appliance and is also designed to float free, the float-free release of the survival craft from its stowed position shall be automatic.
6.1.4 Launching appliances for free-fall lifeboats
6.1.4.1 Every free-fall launching appliance shall comply with the applicable requirements of paragraph 6.1.1 and, in addition, shall comply with the requirements of this paragraph.
6.1.4.2 The launching appliance shall be designed and installed so that it and the lifeboat it serves operate as a system to protect the occupants from harmful acceleration forces as required by paragraph 4.7.5, and to ensure effective clearing of the ship as required by paragraphs 4.7.3.1 and 4.7.3.2.
6.1.4.3 The launching appliance shall be constructed so as to prevent sparking and Incendiary friction during the launching of the lifeboat.
6.1.4.4 The launching appliance shall be designed and arranged so that in its ready to launch position, the distance from the lowest point on the lifeboat it serves to the water surface with the ship in its lightest seagoing condition does not exceed the lifeboat's free-fall certification height, taking into consideration the requirements of paragraph 4.7.3.
6.1.4.5 The launching appliance shall be arranged so as to preclude accidental release of the lifeboat in its unattended stowed position. If the means provided to secure the lifeboat cannot be released from inside the lifeboat, it shall be so arranged as to preclude boarding the lifeboat without first releasing it.
6.1.4.6 The release mechanism shall be arranged so that at least two independent actions from inside the lifeboat are required in order to launch the lifeboat.
6.1.4.7 Each launching appliance shall be provided with a secondary means to launch the lifeboat by falls. Such means shall comply with the requirements of paragraph 6.1.1 (except 6.1.1.3) and paragraph 6.1.2 (except 6.1.2.6). It must be capable of launching the lifeboat against unfavourable conditions of a trim of up to only 2° and a list of up to only 5° either way and it need not comply with the speed requirements of paragraphs 6.1.2.8 and 6.1.2.9. If the secondary launching appliance is not dependent on gravity, stored mechanical power or other manual means, the launching appliance shall be connected both to the ship's main and emergency power supplies.
6.1.4.8 The secondary means of launching shall be equipped with at least a single off-load capability to release the lifeboat.
6.1.5 Liferaft launching appliances
Every liferaft launching appliance shall comply with the requirements of paragraphs 6.1.1 and 6.1.2, except with regard to embarkation in the stowed position, recovery of the loaded liferaft and that manual operation is permitted for turning out the appliance. The launching appliance shall include an automatic release hook arranged so as to prevent premature release during lowering and shall release the liferaft when waterborne. The release hook shall include a capability to release the hook under load. The on-load release control shall:
.1 be clearly differentiated from the control which activates the automatic release function;
.2 require at least two separate actions to operate;
.3 with a load of 150 kg on the hook, require a force of at least 600 N and not more than 700 N to release the load, or provide equivalent adequate protection against inadvertent release of the hook; and
.4 be designed such that the crew members on deck can clearly observe when the release mechanism is properly and completely set.
6.1.6 Embarkation ladders
6.1.6.1 Handholds shall be provided to ensure a safe passage from the deck to the head of the ladder and vice versa.
6.1.6.2 The steps of the ladder shall be:
.1 made of hardwood, free from knots or other irregularities, smoothly machined and free from sharp edges and splinters, or of suitable material of equivalent properties;
.2 provided with an efficient non-slip surface either by longitudinal grooving or by the application of an approved non-slip coating;
.3 not less than 480 mm long, 115 mm wide and 25 min in depth, excluding any non-slip surface or coating; and
.4 equally spaced not less than 300 mm or more than 380 mm apart and secured in such a manner that they will remain horizontal.
6.1.6.3 The side ropes of the ladder shall consist of two uncovered manila ropes not less than 65 mm in circumference on each side. Each rope shall be continuous with no joints below the top step. Other materials may be used provided the dimensions, breaking strain, weathering, stretching and gripping properties are at least equivalent to those of manila rope. All rope ends shall be secured to prevent unravelling.

6.2 Marine evacuation systems
6.2.1 Construction of the marine evacuation systems
6.2.1.1 The passage of the marine evacuation system shall provide for safe descent of persons of various ages, sizes and physical capabilities wearing approved lifejackets from the embarkation station to the floating platform or survival craft.
6.2.1.2 Strength and construction of the passage and platform shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration.
6.2.1.3 The platform, if fitted, shall be:
.1 such that sufficient buoyancy will be provided for the working load. In the case of an inflatable platform, the main buoyancy chambers, which for this purpose shall include any thwarts or floor inflatable structural members are to meet the requirements of section 4.2 based upon the platform capacity except that the capacity shall be obtained by dividing by 0.25 the usable area given in paragraph 6.2.1.3.3;
.2 stable in a seaway and provide a safe working area for the system operators;
.3 of sufficient area that will provide for the securing of at least two liferafts for boarding and to accommodate at least the number of persons that at any time are expected to be on the platform. This usable platform area shall be at least equal to:
20% of total number of persons that the Marine Evacuation System is certificated for, divided by 4, in m²
or 10 m², whichever is the greater. However, Administrations may approve alternate arrangements which are demonstrated to comply with all the prescribed performance requirements;
.4 self-draining;
.5 subdivided in such a way that the loss of gas from any one compartment will not restrict its operational use as a means of evacuation. The buoyancy tubes shall be subdivided or protected against damage occuring from contact with the ship's side;
.6 fitted with a stabilizing system to the satisfaction of the Administration;
.7 restrained by a bowsing line or other positioning systems which are designed to deploy automatically and if necessary, to be capable of being adjusted to the position required for evacuation; and
.8 provided with mooring and bowsing line patches of sufficient strength to securely attach the largest inflatable liferaft associated with the system.
6.2.1.4 If the passage gives direct access to the survival craft, it should be provided with a quick release arrangement.
6.2.2 Performance of the marine evacuation system
6.2.2.1 A marine evacuation system shall be:
.1 capable of deployment by one person;
.2 such as to enable the total number of persons for which it is designed, to be transferred from the ship into the inflated liferafts within a period of 30 min in the case of a passenger ship and of 10 min in the case of a cargo ship from the time abandon ship signal is given;
.3 arranged such that liferafts may be securely attached to the platform and released from the platform by a person either in the liferaft or on the platform;
.4 capable of being deployed from the ship under unfavourable conditions of a trim of up to 10° and a list of up to 20° either way;
.5 in the case of being fitted with an inclined slide, such that the angle of the slide to the horizontal is:
.1 within a range of 30° to 35° when the ship is upright and in the lightest seagoing condition; and
.2 in the case of a passenger ship, a maximum of 55° in the final stage of flooding set by the requirements in Regulation II-1/8;
.6 evaluated for capacity by means of timed evacuation deployments conducted in harbour;
.7 capable of providing a satisfactory means of evacuation in a sea state associated with a wind of force 6 on the Beaufort scale;
.8 designed to, as far as practicable, remain effective under conditions of icing; and
.9 so constructed that only a minimum amount of routine maintenance is necessary. Any part requiring maintenance by the ship's crews shall be readily accessible and easily maintained.
6.2.2.2 Where one or more marine evacuation systems are provided on a ship, at least 50% of such systems shall be subjected to a trial deployment after installation. Subject to these deployments being satisfactory, the untried systems are to be deployed within 12 months of installation.

6.2.3 Inflatable liferafts associated with marine evacuation systems
Any inflatable liferaft used in conjunction with the marine evacuation system shall:
.1 conform with the requirements of section 4.2;
.2 be sited close to the system container but be capable of dropping clear of the deployed system and boarding platform;
.3 be capable of release one at a time from its stowage rack with arrangements which will enable it to be moored alongside the platform;
.4 be stowed in accordance with Regulation III/13.4; and
.5 be provided with pre-connected or easily connected retrieving lines to the platform.
6.2.4 Containers for marine evacuation systems
6.2.4.1 The evacuation passage and platform shall be packed in a container that is:
.1 so constructed as to withstand hard wear under conditions encountered at sea; and
.2 as far as practicable watertight, except for drain holes in the container bottom. 6.2.4.2 The container shall be marked with:
.1 maker's name or trade mark;
.2 serial number;
.3 name of approval authority and the capacity of the system;
.4 SOLAS;
.5 date of manufacture (month and year);
.6 date and place of last service;
.7 maximum permitted height of stowage above waterline; and
.8 stowage position on board.
6.2.4.3 Launching and operating instructions shall be marked on or in the vicinity of the container.

6.2.5 Marking on marine evacuation systems
The marine evacuation system shall be marked with:
.1 maker's name or trade mark;
.2 serial number;
.3 date of manufacture (month and year);
.4 name of approving authority;
.5 name and place of servicing station where it was last serviced, along with the date of servicing; and
.6 the capacity of the system.

CHAPTER VII - OTHER LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES

7.1 Line-throwing appliances
7.1.1 Every line-throwing appliance shall:
.1 be capable of throwing a line with reasonable accuracy;
.2 include not less than four projectiles each capable of carrying the line at least 230 m in calm weather;
.3 include not less than four lines each having a breaking strength of not less than 2 kN; and
.4 have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the line-throwing appliance.
7.1.2 The rocket, in the case of a pistol-fired rocket, or the assembly, in the case of an integral rocket and line, shall be contained in a water-resistant casing. In addition, in the case of a pistol-fired rocket, the line and rockets together with the means of ignition shall be stowed in a container which provides protection from the weather.

7.2 General alarm and public address system
7.2.1 General emergency alarm system
7.2.1.1 The general emergency alarm system shall be capable of sounding the general emergency alarm signal consisting of seven or more short blasts followed by one long blast on the ship's whistle or siren and additionally on an electrically operated bell or klaxon or other equivalent warning system, which shall be powered from the ship's main supply and the emergency source of electrical power required by Regulation II-1/42 or II-1/43, as appropriate. The system shall be capable of operation from the navigation bridge and, except for the ship's whistle, also from other strategic points. The system shall be audible throughout all the accommodation and normal crew working spaces. The alarm shall continue to function after it has been triggered until it is manually turned off or is temporarily interrupted by a message on the public address system.
7.2.1.2 The minimum sound pressure levels for the emergency alarm tone in interior and exterior spaces shall be 80 dB (A) and at least 10 dB (A) above ambient noise levels existing during normal equipment operation with the ship underway in moderate weather. In cabins without a loudspeaker installation, an electronic alarm transducer shall be installed, e.g. a buzzer or similar.
7.2.1.3 The sound pressure levels at the sleeping position in cabins and in cabin bathrooms shall be at least 75 dB (A) and at least 10 dB (A) above ambient noise levels.
7.2.2 Public address system
7.2.2.1 The public address system shall be a loudspeaker installation enabling the broadcast of messages into all spaces where crew members or passengers, or both, are normally present, and to muster stations. It shall allow for the broadcast of messages from the navigation bridge and such other places on board the ship as the Administration deems necessary. It shall be installed with regard to acoustically marginal conditions and not require any action from the addressee. It shall be protected against unauthorized use.
7.2.2.2 With the ship underway in normal conditions, the minimum sound pressure levels for broadcasting emergency announcements shall be:
.1 in interior spaces 75 dB (A) and at least 20 dB (A) above the speech interference level; and
.2 in exterior spaces 80 dB (A) and at least 15 dB (A) above the speech interference level.

Nautika Pelayaran

Senin, 23 Oktober 2017

International Life Saving Appliance (LSA) Code